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On October 23, 1956, students and workers in Budapest took to the streets against the communist regime, beginning the Hungarian Revolution. For eleven days, the Hungarian people controlled the country and the government promised reforms. On November 4, Soviet tanks crushed the uprising. More than 2,500 Hungarians were killed and 200,000 fled into exile.

On October 23, 1942, British General Bernard Montgomery launched the Second Battle of El Alamein in the Libyan desert with a barrage of 900 guns. Twelve days later, Rommel's Afrika Korps was in full retreat. It was the Allies' first major victory on land, and Churchill declared: "Before Alamein, we never had a victory."

On October 22, 2008, India launched its first Moon mission, Chandrayaan-1, becoming the fourth space agency to reach lunar orbit. The probe discovered evidence of water ice in the polar craters of the Moon — one of the most important findings of recent lunar exploration.