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Historical events & facts — October 31

What happened on October 31?

On October 31, 1517, Augustinian monk *Martin Luther* nailed his *95 Theses* to the door of the castle church in *Wittenberg*, challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. The gesture, amplified by *Gutenberg's* printing press, triggered the *Protestant Reformation* and split Western Christianity in a fracture that persists to this day. October 31 is celebrated as *Reformation Day*.
✝️1517

On October 31, 1517, Augustinian monk Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. The gesture, amplified by Gutenberg's printing press, triggered the Protestant Reformation and split Western Christianity in a fracture that persists to this day. October 31 is celebrated as Reformation Day.

On October 31, 1984, Indian Prime Minister *Indira Gandhi* was assassinated in the gardens of her official residence in *New Delhi* by two Sikh bodyguards, in retaliation for *Operation Blue Star*, the assault on the *Golden Temple of Amritsar* she had ordered in June. Her death triggered a wave of anti-Sikh violence that left thousands dead across the country.
🔫1984

On October 31, 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in the gardens of her official residence in New Delhi by two Sikh bodyguards, in retaliation for Operation Blue Star, the assault on the Golden Temple of Amritsar she had ordered in June. Her death triggered a wave of anti-Sikh violence that left thousands dead across the country.

On October 31, 1961, *Mauritania* was admitted to the *UN*, raising the number of member states to 100. The UN had started with 51 founding states in 1945, and the wave of decolonisation of the 1950s and 1960s doubled the membership in just fifteen years, radically transforming the balance of power within the organisation.
🌍1961

On October 31, 1961, Mauritania was admitted to the UN, raising the number of member states to 100. The UN had started with 51 founding states in 1945, and the wave of decolonisation of the 1950s and 1960s doubled the membership in just fifteen years, radically transforming the balance of power within the organisation.

Notable birthdays — October 31

Famous people born on October 31

Karl Weierstrass

Karl Weierstrass

Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass was a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis". Despite leaving university without a degree, he studied mathematics and trained as a school teacher, eventually teaching mathematics, physics, botany and gymnastics. He later received an honorary doctorate and became professor of mathematics in Berlin.

Illinois Jacquet

Illinois Jacquet

Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, best remembered for his solo on "Flying Home", critically recognized as the first R&B saxophone solo. He is also known as one of the writers of the jazz standard "Don'cha Go 'Way Mad."

David Harvey

David Harvey

David William Harvey is a British-American academic best known for Marxist analyses that focus on urban geography as well as the economy more broadly. He is a Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). Harvey has authored many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline.

Brian Piccolo

Brian Piccolo

Louis Brian Piccolo was an American professional football player who was a halfback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for four years. He played college football for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. He died at age 26 from embryonal cell carcinoma, an aggressive form of germ cell testicular cancer, first diagnosed after it had spread to his chest cavity.

Zaha Hadid

Zaha Hadid

Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid was an Iraqi and British architect, artist, and designer. She is recognised as a key figure in the architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in Baghdad, Iraq, Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and later enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972.

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