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On May 5, 1862, Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French army — considered the most powerful in the world — at the Battle of Puebla, preventing the city's capture. Although France eventually conquered Mexico and installed Archduke Maximilian as emperor, the battle became a symbol of Mexican resistance. Cinco de Mayo is today more celebrated in the US than in Mexico itself.

On May 5, 1818, philosopher and economist Karl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia — who together with Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) and the monumental Capital (1867). Marx's ideas on class struggle, surplus value and historical materialism inspired the socialist revolutions of the twentieth century and remain subjects of political and intellectual debate. Engels called Marx the "Darwin of the social sciences".

On May 5, 1821, former French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte died in exile on the island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic, at age 51. Napoleon, exiled there since 1815 following his defeat at Waterloo, spent his final six years revising his legend and dictating his memoirs. His death was probably caused by stomach cancer. His legal legacy — the Napoleonic Code — remains in force in dozens of countries.