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On December 10, 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the document that for the first time enumerated the fundamental rights belonging to all human beings simply by virtue of being human. Drafted under the leadership of Eleanor Roosevelt, the declaration has been translated into more than 500 languages. December 10 is Human Rights Day.

On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time, on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, who established them in his will. The first laureates included Wilhelm Röntgen in Physics, Jacobus van't Hoff in Chemistry, Emil von Behring in Medicine, Sully Prudhomme in Literature and Henri Dunant in Peace. The tradition continues every December 10.

On December 10, 1898, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the US, ending the Spanish Colonial Empire. It was the end of the "Disaster of '98" that Spain experienced as a national humiliation and the beginning of the American period in the former colonies.